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语法常识一：名词单复数
1.一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
2.以s. x. sh. ch结束，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
3.以“子音字母+y”结束，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries
4.以“f或fe”结束，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives
5.不规则名词复数：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japane
6. 不可以数名词的复数就是原型： paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
语法常识二：名词的格
(1) 有生命的东西的名词一切格：
a) 奇数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt
b) 以s 结束的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags
c) 不以s 结束的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes
并排名词中，假定把 ’s加在最终一个名词后，标明共有, 如:
Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小轿车
要标明一切物不是共有的，应别离在并排名词后加’s
Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小轿车
(2)标明无生命东西的名词一般用“ of +名词”来标明一切联络：如:
a picture of the classroom a map of China
语法常识三：不定冠词，定冠词品种：
1. (1)不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle
元音最初的可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /
(2)定冠词：the
the egg the plane
2. 用法:定冠词的用法：
(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物： The ruler is on the desk
(2)复述上文说到的人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
(3)说话两边都晓得的人或物：The boys aren’t at school.
(4)在序数词前： John’s birthday is February the second.
(5)用于固定词组中： in the morning / afternoon / evening
语法常识点四：不必冠词的情况：
(1)专有名词前：China is a big country.
(2)名词前有定语：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：This is my baseball.
(3)复数名词标明一类人和事：Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.
(4)在节日，日期，月份，时节前：Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.
(5)一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.
(6)球类 棋类运动前：They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.
但乐器前要用定冠词：I play the guitar very well.
(7)学科称号前：My favorite subject is music.
(8)在称号或头衔的名词前：This is Mr Li.
(9)固定词组中：at noon at night by bus
语法常识三：常用介词：in, on, at, behind等
1.at标明时刻概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时刻、期间等)。
at 1：00(dawn，midnight，noon)在一点钟(拂晓、午夜、正午)
2.on
1)标明具体日期。
注：(1)关于"在周末"的几种标明法：
at(on)the weekend??在周末---特指
at(on)weekends??在周末---泛指
over the weekend??在整个周末
during the weekend??在周晚时刻
(2)在圣诞节，应说at Christmas？而不说on Christmas？
2)在(刚……)的时分。
On reaching the city he called up his parents.
一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。
3.in
1)标明"时段"、"时期"，在大都情况下可以和during交换，前者偏重比照，后者偏重持续。 in(during)1988(December，the 20th century)在一九88年(十二月、二十世纪)
语法常识五：动词的四种时态
(1)一般如今时：
一般如今时的构成
1. be动词：主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如： I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
2. 行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如： We study English. 咱们学习英语。
当主语为第三人称奇数(he, she, it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜爱汉语。
动词+s的改变规则
1.一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks
2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结束，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
3.以“子音字母+y”结束，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies
(2)一般曩昔时:
动词曩昔式详解 动词的曩昔式的构陈规则有：
A、规则动词
① 一般直接在动词的后边加ed：如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e结束的动词直接加d：如 lived , danced , used
③ 以子音字母加y结束的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (留心pl
ay、stay不是子音字母加y,所以不归于此类)
④ 双写最终一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped
B、不规则动词(此类词并无规则，须熟记)小学期间要记住以下动词的原形和曩昔式：sing – sang , eat – ate ,
see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,
are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt
(3)一般将来时：
根柢规划：
①be going to + do;
②will+ do. be going to = will
I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明日). = I will go swimming tomorrow.
(4)如今进行时: am,is,are+动词如今分词
动词如今分词详解 动词的ing方法的构陈规则：
① 一般的直接在后边加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
② 以e 结束的动词，要先去e再加ing ，如having , writing
③ 双写最终一个字母的(此类动词很少)有：running , swimming , sitting , getting.
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